![]() ![]() For example, millisecond-timescale detection of APs has been demonstrated with synthetic fluorescent calcium indicators 16, 17, 18. Calcium ions can activate fluorescent calcium indicators very rapidly. In many neuron types, APs produce large (more than 1 μM) and rapid (rise time of less than 1 ms) increases in cytoplasmic-free calcium 15. ![]() Determining how the activity of one set of neurons influences another and ultimately animal behaviour requires tracking activity on concomitant timescales. They have also been used to measure activity-induced calcium changes in small synaptic compartments such as dendritic spines 5 and axons 14.Įlectrical signals propagate through neural circuits over timescales of milliseconds. 6) sensors enable detection of single action potentials (APs) under favourable conditions and are often used to monitor the activity of large groups of neurons using two-photon microscopy or wide-field fluorescence imaging 11, 12. In particular, the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based GCaMP sensors 2, 3, 5, 6 have been iteratively engineered to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for detecting Ca 2+ entering neurons during neural activity. Recent advances have been driven by engineered GECIs with higher sensitivity 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, which in turn have stimulated the development of new methods for in vivo microscopy 11, 12, 13. Measurement of Ca 2+-dependent fluorescence using genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) 1, 2 is a standard method for tracking neural activity in defined neurons and neural networks 9, 10. Fast and sensitive GCaMP calcium indicators for imaging neural populations ![]()
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